Students vs. The System Essay -- essays research papers fc

Students vs. the SystemEducation has always been a great component in determining human survival and success. Whether it is learning to live in a harsh environment or learning to manage a company, program line is and always will be incredibly signifi butt jointt. Education is so important in modern hostel that a system of grades has been developed to evaluate students of wholly ages and levels. In Paul Goodmans essay A Proposal to Abolish Grading he argues that the scaling system that is commonly used in our society is ineffective and should be done away with. This idea is wrong since there are many positive outcomes that result from the current grading system.Goodman opens up his particle by making his claim that grades have take precedence over everything in classrooms. He also mentions that some authorities in the educational airfield agree with and support this statement. I think that a majority of professors agree that grading hinders teaching and creates a bad spirit, go ing as far as cheating and plagiarizing (Goodman 206). Here, he talks about how grading has lost its power, and has been reduced to a meaningless letter on paper that tempts students to cheat in regularise to receive a passing grade on their assignments. He also goes on to declare that, grading is inevitable for how else will the graduate schools, the foundations, and corporations know whom to eat up (Goodman 206). By expressing these ideas in such close proximity, it can be inferred that Goodman believes grades are unreliable sources of data due to cheating. Although cheating is a prevalent problem in every places of work, it should not be a reason to disregard looking at grades when considering an applicant for hire. Letter grades from all schools simply represent the work moral principle of that particular student. The threat that a person who received high grades could be a cheater is always present, but the characteristics of a cheater can good be recognized by other worke rs and by the employer. So the belief that grades are unreliable due to cheating is erroneous, due to the fact that not all students are cheaters. The grading system simply provides a standard that all students should fall under, which implies that all applicants be educated. This is just a small sample of what Goodman includes in this essay.Two other topics that Goodman covers in good detail are the purpose of a test and the self-awar... ...defend and help people, but when used in the wrong hands, it becomes a weapon for evil. This grading system, much like a gun, is a tool just as capable of being used for evil in the sense that teachers abuse their power to grade by forcing lazy students to work. By abusing the system and threatening students with grades is what prompts them to cheat, steal, and copy, not the grading system itself.The current grading system implemented in schools today is a great thing, where students are able to monitor their own progress, and be rewarded for their hard work with high grades. Goodman makes some good points in his proposal by mentioning the somewhat unreliability of grades, and by acknowledging the strength of a self-aware student, but they are outweighed by his weak, one-sided arguments accusing the modern grading system of being useless and bad. Education is a powerful tool in the present day and age, and although what people are being taught has changed significantly, one can never learn too much to prepare for future success.Works CitedGoodman, Paul. A Proposal to Abolish Grading. Elements of Argument. Ed. Ellen Rottenburg. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 2003. 206-209

Evoking Sympathy for Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

Evoking Sympathy for Macbeth Within Macbeth the tragedy and demise of Macbeth is an important factor in determining his character as a tragic hero. However in order to elucidate on this point we need to define what is a tragedy. Aristotle within Poetics highlighted what characteristics he believed to define tragedy these being Imitation of an action that is respectable and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself...in a dramatic, not narrative form with incidents arising pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions And immediately we are brought to tragedy and what the invention of a hero is. In Shakespeares play, Macbeth, the character of Macbeth murders his king, Duncan, for personal motives, there appears to be little subjective reasoning for the murder. This perhaps encapsulates the notion of an incident which has the potential to cut pity from an audience. The reader begins to pity Macbeth despite the obvious character flaws of greed and corru ption. Shakespeare manipulates the audience to react sympathetically towards Macbeth through the use of Macbeths actions, dialogue, and passion. Throughout the story, there is a feeling of animosity toward Macbeth in response to his deleterious actions. However, scenes revealing Macbeths more admirable side balance and even abet that negative feeling. One situation instance where the reader has the potential to feel pity for Macbeth appears in the dialogue immediately before Macbeth decides whether or not to kill King Duncan. Macbeth is unsure of the holiness of the murder. During much self-deliberation, he agonizes in the monologue, I am his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed (I.vii.14-15). While Macbeth contemplates whether murdering Duncan is feasible, Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth that he would murder Duncan if he were truly bald-faced and masculine. Lady Macbeth goes on to remark that if he murders Duncan, Macbeth would be so much more the man (I.vii .58). A weak Macbeth gives in to his wifes badgering and manipulation and reluctantly agrees to participate in the murder. The audience feels sympathy for an insecure Macbeth as he begins his spiral into ultimate destruction. It appears that without the push of Lady Macbeth the deed would postulate been unlikely to have taken place. Another instance in which Macbeth seems weak and pitiable is at the banquet held in his honor. Before the dinner party begins, Macbeth orders the assassination of his friend Banquo.

Vietnam War :: essays research papers

Upon reading the novel After Sorrow, written by Lady Borton, I have realized that my view of the Vietnam struggle was skewed. Although I didnt live through the Vietnam War unlike my parents and their peers, I thought I was close enough in age to fully say what happened during that time in my countries history. This novel gave the account of the Viet referse War told by the people of Vietnam who lived there during that time. The American soldiers used bombs, napalm, Agent Orange and other dreadful weapons to kill the Viet Cong. The giving medication justified the killing of the Viet Cong because they were under the impression that they were all communists. Reading this book described a totally different war, even the name is different. The American War, as the Vietnamese called it, was barely even fought by the Viet Cong guerilla soldiers. In actuality the war was fought in homes and market places by Vietnamese women and children. Another major(ip) misconception was that the Viet Cong guerilla forces were strictly communist Lady Borton found that this was largely untrue. After all of the terrible and disturbing stories told by the Vietnamese in this novel, the fact that Uncle bewitching cannot blame Americans for their suffering. This quote is significant to me because of the obvious unwavering faith Uncle Beautiful has for Ho Chi Minh. Ho Chi Minh believed the Marxists view of the distinction between government and the people during wars of national liberation. He voiced to the Vietnamese people that the American and Vietnamese people were on the same side and were victims just as such(prenominal) as the Vietnamese were. Minh held that the US government, controlled by capitalists, made money off of the arms industry and therefore a war would be in their outflank interests. He made the Vietnamese people see through their suffering and not hold the actions of a few Americans against the entire nation. I think it is funny how the Vietnamese could distingu ish between the government and people of one nation.

Electroconvulsive Therapy Essay -- essays research papers

After researching electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), I have decided that if a close family genus Phallus or even myself were severely depressed I would not support the use of ECT. Electroconvulsive therapy consists of an electrical shock, which is used to produce a seizure. Many people have intercourse seizures due to some other type of illness or illnesses, and in these cases there is medicine taken in order to prevent these occurrences. In deciding my opinion on the topic of ECT I asked myself would I want to put myself or a loved one through what others be arduous to avoid a seizure. Although ECT has proven to be effective in some cases of depression, it has many risk factors involved and it does not ensure a animation with out the reoccurrence of depression. Before ECT is administered the doctor depart outgrowth do a physical examination on the patient to make sure they are physically able to have the treatment. If the physical examination shows the patient is physically ab le the next step will be to meet with an anesthesiologist. The purpose of this fancy is for the anesthesiologist to examine the heart and lungs to ensure the anesthesia given through an IV will be safe for the patient. Another step taken will be many blood tests and a test showing the rhythm of the patients heart. All these procedures must be done before the first treatment of ECT is ever given. These steps are just the beginning of precautions for the treatments no one, not even the doctor...

A Bloody Christmas :: essays research papers

Creative Story A Bloody ChristmasHurry up Joe Its 1015, your fifteen minutes late" Claire screamedfrom outside the dressing room with a hint of a New York Accent. Claire wasSantas helper at the mall.     "Im coming" Joe yelled back. "Stupid kids, I hate kids." Joe mumbledto himself while getting himself dressed.     Joe was the Santa at the local mall. Since Joe had just been releasedfrom the mental institution for insanity, the cost of the institution wiped himout of money so he undeniable the job badly. When the job was offered to him hehad to take it.     Joe was a scrawny man. Not your usual Santa Clause. He had no rosycheeks or round belly, he didnt arrest the hearty laugh nor real white hair. Hisribs poked out of his skin and his stomach played like an empty cave. His eyeswere pushed into his head way more than most people, the naughty rings circling hismade his eyes look like they were going to pop out any second. The bones of hischeeks showed through his dry, pale skin making him look like a zombie.     "Lets go now" Claire screeched at the top of her lungs.     Claire meant this time. Quickly, Joe stumbled out of the dressing roomin a clumsy fashion. Looking like he had just chugged a couple of kegs,dragged his oversized Santa coat and pants with him hopping they wouldnt falldown and left the dressing room. Joe and Claire walked toward where Santas hutwas while watching a caboodle gather around it.     "Ya know Claire," Joe said, "I really hate my job."     "Really," replied Claire in a sarcastic tone, "Who doesnt hate littlebrats crawling around on your lap."     Joe sit down in his special Santa chair and waited for the first childto come forward.     The fist kid was about five yrs. old. Joe thought he was di sgusting.The child was tiring cuarteroy overalls with a white turtleneck underneath.The cuarteroys had crusty stains of peanut butter all down the front of his navyblue overalls. Making a revolting short letter between colors. The turtleneckseemed to have lost its whiteness a long time ago. It was imbedded with redpasta sauce and olive chunks glued to the sauce. His face wasnt actuallyattractive either. On his left cheek a piece of spagetti attached to his skindangled and dried mucus flaked off his upper lip. Joe leaned back in compunctionwishing this was all a long terrifying dream.     The kid hopped on his lap and in a happy voice said,     "Hi Mr.

A Bloody Christmas :: essays research papers

Creative Story A Bloody ChristmasHurry up Joe Its 1015, your fifteen minutes late" Claire screamedfrom distant the dressing room with a hint of a New York Accent. Claire wasSantas helper at the mall.     "Im coming" Joe yelled back. "Stupid kids, I hate kids." Joe mumbledto himself while getting himself dressed.     Joe was the Santa at the local mall. Since Joe had just been releasedfrom the mental institution for insanity, the cost of the institution wiped himout of money so he needed the job badly. When the job was offered to him hehad to take it.     Joe was a scrawny man. Not your usual Santa Clause. He had no rosycheeks or round belly, he didnt hold the hearty laugh nor true(a) white hair. Hisribs poked out of his skin and his stomach looked like an empty cave. His eyewere pushed into his head way more than most people, the dark rings circling hismade his eyes look like they were going to pop ou t any second. The bones of hischeeks showed through his dry, pale skin making him look like a zombie.     "Lets go now" Claire screeched at the top of her lungs.     Claire meant this time. Quickly, Joe stumbled out of the dressing roomin a clumsy fashion. Looking like he had just chugged a parallel of kegs,dragged his oversized Santa coat and pants with him hopping they wouldnt falldown and go away the dressing room. Joe and Claire walked toward where Santas hutwas while watching a crowd gather around it.     "Ya live on Claire," Joe said, "I really hate my job."     "Really," replied Claire in a sarcastic tone, "Who doesnt hate littlebrats crawling around on your lap."     Joe sat down in his limited Santa chair and waited for the first childto come forward.     The fist kid was about five yrs. old. Joe thought he was d isgusting.The child was wearing cuarteroy overalls with a white turtleneck underneath.The cuarteroys had crusty stains of peanut butter all down the front of his navyblue overalls. Making a revolting contrast between colors. The turtleneckseemed to have lost its whiteness a long time ago. It was imbedded with redpasta sauce and olive chunks glued to the sauce. His face wasnt veryattractive either. On his left cheek a piece of spagetti attached to his skindangled and dried mucus flaked off his upper lip. Joe leaned back in remorsewishing this was all a long terrifying dream.     The kid hopped on his lap and in a happy voice said,     "Hi Mr.

The Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park

? The Manovo-Gounda St. Floris home(a) ball viridity Most people abide never heard of Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park, or even be where this particular park is located at. For those who do not know, Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park is located in Central Africa state, which is located in Central Africa. Central Africa Republic is about the size of France. The climate there is very tropical and hatful also be semi-humid, which means that the country has an annual rainfall from 950 to 1700mm. Rainfall usually occur during the months of June and last till November.From December to May, the climate is normally hot and prohibitionist. The country is also very rich in natural resources. Manovo-Gounda St. Foris National Park was established in 1933 and was name Oubangui-Chari National Park and was located on 13,500ha. The park was renamed Matoumara National Park in 1935. In 1940 the name changed again, this succession to St. Floris National Park. The amount of land tha t the park operated on had increased to 40,000ha. By 1960 the park had tremendously grown and was currently operating on 100,00ha and in 1974 it was operating on 277,000ha.In 1979 the name change once again, but this time it changed to the name that the park is currently operating under which is Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park. Currently the area of the park is 1,740,000ha or 4. 2 million acres. Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park is home to a variety of faunas and floras. The wildlife animals include animals like the black rhinocerosceroses, giraffes, cheetahs, leopards, wild dogs, buffalos, elephants, etc. There are at least 57 different types of mammals, over 320 different types of birds, and at least 25 species of raptor all residing within the park.At one time this park was considered on of the most protected park in Central Africa. In 1988, the park was added to the Natural World Heritage Site, because of the miscellany of wildlife that existed within the park. In 1997, things had drastically change, and the park was added to the World Heritage in Danger List in 1997, due to the heavy hunt that was going on within the park. This meant that the parkhad to dupe some of the most important and significant natural habitats of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species which this park had.It had a diversity of wildlife and flora, and a lot of it animals were already on the be listing. There are another(prenominal) elements that the committee have to look at before deciding if an area, whether natural or cultural is entitle to be listed this list (Protected Area Programme, n. d. ). Some might not know what run in, and why it is important to finds ways to put an end to this dangerously practice that is confer downing our wildlife. According to Ask. com (n. d), poaching is define as illegally hunting and fishing, and a poacher is define as a person who hunts and fish illegally, without a license.Poacher have no regard s to whatsoever animals life, especially the ones on the endanger list. One of biggest threat to the Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Parks comes from Poachers. Most of the poachers come from within Central Africa Republic, but they can also come from other countries and can be heavily armed with automatic weapons. These poachers have killed off at least 80% of this parks wildlife. allow look at the black rhinoceros. Man is the main threat to these animals, but not for their meat, but for the price a person can receive from their horns.The tenability these animals are killed at an alarming rate is because people in China believes that the horns or these animals can help reduced a fever. A black rhino is worth at least $200,000 dead (Black Rhino, n. d. ). Even though these animals are currently on the endanger list, poachers have no respect or any regards for the law. Right now there are only a few black rhino remaining in Manovo-Gounde St. Floris. The elephants population have a lso refuse in this park by 75%, and this is also due to the poachers. As anyone can see, poaching consumes to be stop and it up the people to do so.Not just the people of this country, but this issue pauperization to be address so everyone from across the world is aware of what is going on. There need to be human intervention, because if this continue to go on, there will be no more Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park. The future of this park depends on everyone. Grazing is another(prenominal) issue. According to Ask. com (n. d. ), grazing is defined as to feed on growing grasses and field. Grazing is illegal and most of grazing that goes on with the park is done during the dry season, where there are a large numbers of cattle moving across the grassland going through the park.When grazing happens, it can destroy the grassland that is intend for the wildlife, and it can also cause the spread of disease from the cattle to the wildlife. Manovo-Gounda-St. Floris National Park, Ce ntral African Republic (March 2002), states that in 1997, four staff members were shot, causing the tourism in this park to come to a complete halt. Currently the park only has one manager and one assistant manager along with five guards. In order to keep the Park going, major changes need to be made.Since tourism was a great way for the park to pay for itself there need to be great consideration into making the area and park full again for tourist. In 1988 there was a $27 million grant made to advocate in the controlling of poaching and gazing that is going on within this park. How this money was use in to aid in the poaching and grazing situation is not know. The term biodiversity refers to genes, species (plants and animals), ecosystems, and landscapes, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that allow these elements of biodiversity to persist over time. Manovo-Gounda St.Floris National Park was one of the largest parks in Central Africa, and was home to some of the dive rsity wildlife in the world. At one time, tourism was a source of maintaining the up keep of the park, but all of this was threaten by poachers and the grazing of the land. Humans have become this park worst enemy. Man has fail to realize that these animals or vital to our existence just like insects and plants are. There is a lot that need to be done in order to maintain the diversity of the Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park. Where do we start? We have to start with education.In order for the poachers to stop cleaning off the diversity of the wildlife, they need to be educated on why the park exist, and what the benefit of the park is to the animals and the citizens of this country. They need to be taught what the consequence is if they continue to destroy all of the wildlife or if these animals seize to exist anymore. Education is the just the beginning, but first the people who are doing the poaching need to be educated in the harm this is doing. The residents of Central Af rica Republic also need to be educated and need to know the value of this park.They need to know that once this park becomes safe again and tourism is resumed, then they all will be able to benefit from it. Tourism will bring money to their country, and might even bring new business into the country. New businesses, mean creating jobs. In order to do this, money need to be raised. Once the money is raise, some might admiration what and where the money is going. The money will go towards advertising, education, training, security, the up keep of the park. Action need to be taken today, because tomorrow is too late. The future of this park depends on us, the people. The survival of these animals depends on us.The destruction of wildlife is not just happening in the Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park. The poaching of wildlife is happening throughout Africa. In order for children our children to have a chance of seeing elephants, giraffes, rhinoceros, wild dogs, cheetahs, money, an d other exotic animals up close, then we need to save this park. Let put the awareness out to the citizens of this country and to other countries as well. The majority of this park wildlife has already been destroyed, what we are waiting on the remaining 15-20% that is left. Let come up with a plan to end the poaching and grazing of this park, we can do it.References Ask. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 18, 2007, from http//www. ask. com/reference/dictionary/ahdict/103817/poaching Black Rhino. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 18, 2007, from http//www. botany. uwc. ac. za/Envfacts/Black_Rhino/index. htm Protected Areas Programme. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 26, 2007, from http//www2. wcmc. org. uk/protected_areas/data/wh/manovo. html United Nations environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (n. d). Manovo-gounda st. franis national park, central africa republic. Retrieved August 26, 2007, from http//www. unep-wcmc. org/sites/wh/manovo. html

1994 Rwandan Genocide Essay

The 1994 Rwandan race murder impacted on a standoff of battalion in a lot of different ways. In this essay the causes I will be coering are ethnic tension as a result of Belgium village, Propaganda and hate rhetoric, the image of the worldwide community, and authoritiesal problems. The importees I will be covering are causalities, the economic effects, remembrance and education, and people displacement. In this small country in Africa cal conduct Rwanda this enormous killing took place. The Rwandan Genocide began on April 6th 1994 when the p re cheeknt physician was assassinated, followed by the anthesis minster the next day.It lasted 100 days, 100 days of slaughter ending on the eighteenth of July 1994. The genocide included many groups. The perpetrators were Hutu graciousians, Hutu army, Interhamwe-the y issueh of Hutu organised into an extremist militia, and radio RTLM-a radio station announcing to kill all Tutsis. Victims included Tutsi, Hutu political moderates for example prime minster AgatheUwilingiyimana. Other groups include RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front). President Juvenal Habyarimana who was in charge if the Hutu government, and the international community for example the UN (United Nations) Peacekeepers.During these 100 days of slaughter hundreds of thousands of Tutsi we killed. Women and girls we ransacked, and many tortured by having their breast chopped off and sharp objects inserted into their vaginas. more or less(prenominal) people tried to hind in schools and churches but were found and executed. I have just compose about the context and the course of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. I am now dismissal to write the causes of this horrific event starting with ethnic tension as a result of Belgium Colonisation.Ethnic tension as a result of Belgium Colonisation is arguably the biggest cause in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. It is a political and social cause that happened over a long period of time. Starting in 1860 and coming right d l et to 1926. In 1860 the first Tutsi king was appointed. In 1884 German explorer Carl Peters enters the Rwandan demesne and obtains treaty rights. In 1885 Germany declares a protectorate over present-day Rwanda. In 1890 Rwanda accepts German colonial rule with resistance. A German territorial administrator is non appointed until 1907.In 1916 WW1 Belgium Allied Forces capture German East Africa. In 1924 Great Britten assumes control over Tanzania, while Belgium is granted trusteeship over Rwanda and Burundi. Belgium Colonisation begins. In 1926 Rwandans were given an identity element card showing if a person was Hutu, Tutsi or Twa. Prior to colonisation people could jump races e. g. Hutus could become Tutsis. Callipers were the tools of colonisation. The coat of the cranium and nose and the colour of the eyes were the factors that determined whether a person was a Hutu, Tutsi or Twa.The result of the unfair system was Tutsi could have government positions, be landlords, be superv isors of Hutu, collect taxes, get an education (only Tutsi could go to school afterwards the colonisation), be an administrator for the justice system. Hutu were denied higher education, land ownership and positions in government. The identity cards that every unmatchable was given were very clear they had what ethnic group they were from, their place of birth, their date of birth, their profession, their place of residence, the name of their spouse, their C.I number, and their signature. A quote form question prosecutor of the international Rwandan court sums up this cause well European colonial history was a major contributor to what in the end became the genocide in Rwanda. The second cause I am going to controvert is Propaganda and hate rhetoric. This is a social Cause it is short term because it happened quite fast after the death of the president and prime minster. Kangura Newspaper was a newspaper about how discussing the Tutsis were, this was launched by first lady Agath eHabyarimana in 1990.Kangura means wake them up in English. In the newspaper they had racist comments much(prenominal) as They expression like animals, actually they are animals, If you allow snakes to live amongst you, you will be exterminated, They look hideous with their bushy hair and beards that are full of fleas. RTLM (Radio Television des Milles Collines) or commonly sockn as Hate Radio, used well behaved rock music to get people to listen to it then they used in to convey hateful messages such as cut down the long-shanked trees this meant for all Hutu extremists to wipe out the Tutsis.RTLM often referred to Tutsi as cockroaches. In 1990 Kangura newspaper published the 10 commandments for the Hutus they were an extended version of 1, Every Hutu must know that the Tutsi muliebrity is working for the Tutsi ethnic cause Hutu is a traitor who a) Acquires a Tutsi wife, b)Acquires a Tutsi concubine, c) Acquires a Tutsi sectary or protegee. 2, Every Hutu must know that our Hu tu daughters are more(prenominal) worthy and more conscientious as a woman, as wives and as mothers. 3, Hutu women, be vigilant and make sure that your husbands, associates and sons see reason. , All Hutus must know that all Tutsis are dishonest in business. We have learned this from experience from experience. Hutu is a traitor who a) forms a business alliance with a Tutsi, b) invests in own funds/public funds in a Tutsi enterprise, c) Borrows money from/loans money to a Tutsi, d) Grants favours to Tutsis. 5, Strategic positions such as politics, administration, economics the military and security must be restricted to Hutu. 6, A Hutu majority must prevail throughout the education system. 7. The Rwandan Army must be exclusively Hutu.No Solider may marry Tutsi women. 8, Hutu must stop taking pity on the Tutsi. 9, Hutu wherever they are must stand united, in solidarity, and concerned with the fate of their Hutu brothers. Hutu must constantly snack counter Tutsi propaganda. Hutu m ust stand firm and vigilant against their common enemy. The Tutsi. 10, The social Revolution of 1959, the Referendum of 1961 and the Hutu Ideology must be taught to Hutu of every age. Hutu must spread the word. Any Hutu who persecutes his brother Hutu for spreading the word and tutoring this ideology is a traitor.A quote from Leon Mugesera sums up this cause The fatal mistake we made in 1959 was to let them tend they are foreigners from Ethiopia so we will send them by the shortest route throwing them into the Nagbarongo river. We must act. Wipe them all out. The third cause I am going to discuss is the role of the international community it is a political cause that is a short term because it became an issue soon after the colonisation. During this cause the land just stood by and watched.Following WW11 and the Holocaust, The United Nations adopted a resolution on December 9, 1948, which stated genocide, whether committed in time of peace or time of war, is a crime under intern ational law which they undertake to prevent and to punish. There were two opportunities to intervene that were missed. In October 1993 The United Nations supporter Mission for Rwanda began with the deployment of 21 troops under the command of Brigadier General Romeo Allaire of Canada. Additional troops continued o arrive until February 1994, when the mission was fully staffed with 25,000 personnel.Many soldiers arrived without weapons, food or water vehicles and radios were sent out second hand from other missions and rarely in working condition. On 11th January 1994 Officers were stockpiling weapons and train civilian militias the level of preparedness would enable the murder of 1000 Tutsis every 20 minutes. This saying will finish off this cause nicely, clearly, the massacres in Rwanda be genocide, so why didnt the world steep into stop it? In my fourth and final cause Im going to discuss political problems (the role of the Hutu extremists in the Habyarimana government and the catalyst).This is a political cause which was short term. President Juvenal Habyarimana came to power through a military coup in 1973. He promised national unity. By 1994 many Rwandans were calling for democratic government. In January 1994 in spite of increased state oppression and the French-supported up-build of armed forces, 50,000 Rwandans marched in a pro-democracy presentation in Kigali.The build-up to the Hutus wanting power is over quite a short period of time only 3 years In October 1990 civil war started when the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a militia of Rwandan Tutsi excels and Hutu dissidents based in Uganda, invaded Rwanda. Thousands of Tutsis were arrested. In 1991 RPF military victories pressured President Habyarimana into drafting a new multi-party constitution. In 1992 UN led peace talks led between the RPF, The Rwanda government and 12 opposition parties to try and achieve a power-sharing agreement. In August 1993 Arusha Peace Accords were signed to immateria l Tanzania. Hutu Power started broadcasting Tutsi hate messages in the media. In 1993 A Hutu Power Party no participating in the government established Radio/TV Libre de Millie Collines (RTLM) to get round the Arusha agreements explicit prohibition on government sponsored hate speech. I has been believed that the final nail in coffin was the assignation of P resident Habyarimana. At 8. 30p. m on April 6, 1994, President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda was increase from a summit in Tanzania where, under international pressure, he was negotiating with the opposition to reach a settlement.A surface-to-air missile shot the plane out of the sky. All on board were killed. I have just written about the causes of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, I am now going to write about the matters of the 100 days of slaughter. Starting with causalities. The 1994 Rwandan Genocide leftover behind some major consequences but beyond all others the biggest is the casualties. This is a political, social and ide ological cause and is most defiantly immediate timing because it happened during genocide obviously so many people were left both physically and mentally scared.Over the course of 100 days from April 6 July 16 1994 it is estimated 800,000 1 million Tutsi and some moderate Hutu were slaughtered. The UN estimated 800,000 but the Rwandan government has estimated 1,071,000. Its very difficult to get exact numbers because these numbers do not include people who were thrown into river/lakes and those who were burnt. Mass graves held up to 50,000 making it even harder to count exact numbers. If the numbers of Tutsis living in Rwanda before and after the genocide are correct then 77% of the Tutsi population was wiped out. 8,640 per day 360 per hour, 6 per minute.If this is correct this is the equation 6 people x 60 minutes x 24 hours x 100 days = 864,000 people There is between 300,000 to 400,000 survivors. Almost 50,000 women were left without husbands. Almost 100,000 of the survivors we re aged between 14 and 21. 75,000 of the survivors were orphaned. A 1999 study showed 80% of women surveyed showed signs of trauma. Many face health problems such as HIV/AIDS as a direct act of violence during the genocide. Some of the survivors are still threatened with violence, attacked or killed by fountain perpetrators.Almost all women and girls that survived were raped, many too tortured and mutilated by having their breasts cut off and sharp objects being inserted into their vaginas. Numbers of women and girls raped are somewhere between 250,000 and 500,000 exact numbers are not known. Children of rape during the genocide numbers are 2,000 to 5,000 children. Most children show trauma and signs of neglect. More than 67% of women raped were infected with HIV/AIDS. Men with HIV/AIDS used it as a weapon to leave their mark on Tutsi women and their families.To sum up the consequence what the presiding judge said after the verdict From time immemorial, rape has been regarded as spoils of war. Now it will be considered a war crime. We want to send out a strong message that rape is no longer a trophy of war. In the second consequence, I am going to discuss the economic effects. This is an economic consequence and it is immediate because the things that happened during left people with big struggles. The Rwandan government has struggled to rebuild the economy.In the year of the genocide, growth slumped by 50% and puffiness reached 64%. Almost two thirds of the 8. million population live below the poverty line. Coffee is Rwandans major export. Rwanda exported 14,000 tonnes in 1986. The positives of the economic problems were the exiled business leaders returning home, since the genocide in 1994 business leaders have been returning home from Burundi, Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. Desire Kamanzis father sold his three houses in Burundi to return to Rwanda. This was no unusual. To sum up this consequence a quote from Leon Haguma, acting director of coffee marketing All was abandoned, they were dead or had fled the country, there was nix to work the plantations.In the third consequence, I am going to discuss remembrance and education. This is a social consequence because most of Rwanda have contributed in some way. It is a long term consequence because it still goes on today and the world cant see it stopping anytime soon. The focus of remembrance is to teach the history of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and emphasise moral values. There are many memorial sites in Rwanda, which pays tribute to the hundreds of thousands killed. Marimba Technical School, where many victims were killed and still retain as a museum.Other ways of remembrance is art and photos taken in tribute such as people standing in a line with other people laying in front making human words saying END GENOCIDE NOW There is withal a national day of reflection in Rwanda on April 7th. To sum up this consequence a quote from Kofi Annan general of the UN in 1994, If the pictures of te ns of thousands of human bodies being gnawed on by dogs do not wake us out of our apathy, I do not know what will. The fourth and final consequence I am going to write about population displacement.This is a political and social consequence because the government feel through and society took over. This is a short term consequence because lots of people started to come back into Rwanda once the genocide was over. The 1994 Rwandan Genocide resulted in massive exodus of refugees to bordering countries. Another one million people remained internally displaced in Rwanda itself. Millions of Hutu and displaced Tutsi had crowded refugee camps beyond the Rwandan boarders. International relief efforts were mobilised to care for refugees, but available supplies were inadequate and outbreaks of disease were widespread.More than 20,000 refugees died in cholera epidemic. During the genocide Tutsi and Hutu moderates fled. From April 1994 Tutsi and Hutu moderate refugees poured out of Rwanda and i nto neighbouring countries. After the genocide Tutsi refugees returned. In July 1994 when the seize fire was called Tutsis began to return to Rwanda, including refugees who had fled in the 1960s. Hutu perpetrators fled the country. Genocide only ended when the RPF eventually defeated the Rwandan governments armies and took control of the country. Retaliatory violence by Tutsis caused thousands of lives.By mid July, and estimated 2 million Hutu perpetrators and bystanders had fled. 850,000 refugees entered the area in just 4 days. During the influx, 15,000 refugees an hour crossed the Rwanda-Zaire boarder. The camps became like countries in exile for the Hutu extremists who used members of the Hutu army to maintain control of the refugee camps. Between July and November 1996 the refugee camps were shut down. One million exiles returned to Rwanda including tens of thousands of perpetrators who had been living side by side with Tutsi in the refugee camps.In November 1996 more than 600, 000 Hutu refugees returned to Rwanda from Zaire. In December 500,000 returned from Tanzania. In summery Ironically, both Hutu perpetrators and Tutsi and Hutu moderate victims ended up in the akin camps. In conclusion the causes I have just written about were the ethnic tension as a result of Belgium Colonisation, Propaganda and hate rhetoric, the role of the international community, political problems. The consequences I have just written about were the casualties, the economic effects, remembrance and education, and population displacement.All of these were major events that happened before, during and after the 1994 Rwanda Genocide there were also a number of other causes and consequences, causes are economic problems, and independence problems. The consequences were political effects, apologies from the international community, and justice, responsibility & reconciliation. A quote to sum up the 1994 Rwandan Genocide is, The Rwandan Genocide is perhaps the most horrible and syste matic human massacre we have had to witness since the extermination of the Jews by the Nazis.

Constructive Critique on Public Speaking Essay

Dr. Pausch lost his battle with corporationcer, notwithstanding his legacy wears on through his achievements and in the countless number of students who were fortunate to learn from such an extraordinary individual. Dr. Randy Pausch was a widely respected professor from the University of Carnegie Mellon. He co-founded the entertainment technology circle around in 1999 and he spearheaded the creation of the Alice Project, a program that aids in the learning of computer science academics. Dr. Pausch has received numerous accolades from his work and dedication to his students. He has appeared on many television shows like Good Morning America and the Oprah show. To this day people are still recounting the lessons learned from Dr. Pausch. In a recent video interview set offed on the Oprahs website, one lady stated what she thought was so meaningful to her ab give a air Dr. Pausch and his lambasts as his amazing expectation on life and his appreciation for every aspect of his life. These qualities are witness in his 2008 have words nicknamed the Last Lecture. Throughout the lecture Dr. Pausch showcased his ability to reach out to his audition. He and captured their imagination with his humor and enthusiasm despite begin diagnosed with cancer six months earlier. Because of the importance and popularity of this inspiring lecture I will provide a critique of Dr. Pausch ability to deliver his massage to his audience and analyze his public speaking mechanics. More specifically I will look at the way he keeps the audience engaged and what are the areas he could improve.Strengths noted From the moment the lecture began I was hooked. Dr. Pausch did not waste any time guardianship the audience engaged and keeping them marveling at the foundations of his strength despite his diagnosis. After the standing applause, Dr. Pausch told his listeners to make me earn. This mindset shows that he cares round the message that he was about to give and the message that the audie nce was about to receive. He also started his lecture with this question which I though was the glue to the seats. His question was fundamental in keeping them engaged and thinking. If you had one last lecture to give to the world before you died what would it be? From this point on, If this was Dr. Pausch last lecture I wanted the hear it. Thereafter, He gave a back story in the lecture which to thought was helpful to the audience member that did not know his circumstances. One of the tactic in his lecture that I though was the about important is he told the audience what he was not going to talked about.This eliminated all guessing and left no room for disappointment. I thought that I was public speaking brilliances. Pausch visual media kept the focus of the lecture and was very easy to follow and understand. It was clear, concise and to the point. He also has props. He voice was evenly tone and he spoke as if he was just engaging in a ruler conversation. Additionally Dr. Pausch humor seemed to be naturel he kept his audience laughing throughout the lecture which I think helped them to stay uninterested. Last but not less, I love that the lecture was not just a lecture to the audience but a lecture to his children. Knowing that he passed away made that lecture much more intimate and could be used as a blueprint for all parents to help their children achieve their dreams.Areas to improveConnecting to the audience is definitely Dr. Pausch strong suit but sometimes he did get off progeny a little bit. Because he is such a dynamic person I understand that it can be easy to get caught telling your person story rather than sticking to the topic. I noticed Dr. Pausch did get off topic a a couple of(prenominal) times and told a few side bar stories but not too much that would have downgraded the lectures quality.ConclusionI my introduction I highlight the accomplishment of DR. Pausch the inspirational professor from Carnegie Mellon University. I was instructed to write a critique about his last lecture that focused on the strength and the areas of improvement. In the strengths the most important aspect about the lecture is that Dr. Pausch keeps the audience entirely engaged throughout. Dr Pausch spoke for 72 min with the complete attention of his audience. In the strengths of my critique I was able to show this by highlighting the various tactics that were used.For example the question he asked in the beginning of the lecture was one tactic and his with child(p) sense of humor was another. Areas of improve were hard to find but the only time I found any in the lecture was when Dr. Pausch gets off topic a few times other than that the lecture was flawless. Unfortunately we lost Dr. Pausch too soon but his lesson will live forever. Everyone can learn something from his willingness live life to the fullest no matter what god has in store for you. 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this video on www.youtube.com, or enable JavaScript if it is handicapped in your browser.http//www.cmu.edu/randyslecture/story/index.htmlhttp//www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Lessons-Learned-from-Randy-Pausch-Videohttp//www.etc.cmu.edu/site/

Death into the Wild Essay

Into the Wild was Jon Krakauers best selling non-fiction novel about the adventures of Christopher McCandless. In essence it was an expansion of his earlier train entitled destruction of an Innocent which appeared in the January 1993 issue of Outside. The novel chronicles the experiences of Chris McCandless, the 24-year-old nature enthusiast who left his suburban Washington, D. C. , home in 1992 for a wilderness trek through Alaskas backcountry.Equipped with a 10-pound bag of rice, a small-caliber rifle, and not much else, McCandless fashioned himself into a modern-day American Adam determined to explore the nations Last Frontier. The excursion, however, came to an abrupt end four months later with McCandless emaciated corpse discovered in an abandoned school bus not far from the boundaries of Denali subject Park. Into the Wild presents Krakauers account as to what drove McCandless to such a fate.Between the time of its appearance in 1993 to its publication as a criminal record in 1996, Krakauers story elicited numerous responses, including many from Alaska residents who derided the author for glorifying what they saw as nothing more than a young mans folly. For these readers, McCandless represented just another ill-advised individual who ventured unprepared into dangerous country in the hope of discovering answers to his manner, which was merely met by mosquitoes and a lonely remnant (72).As I reckon such a perspective fails to account for the significance of Krakauers novel within the genre of narration non-fiction. In perspective of this, what follows is an explication of the role of Krakauers methodology in the process of explicating the story of McCandless into the wild. Narrative non-fiction takes the form of a documentary as far as it opts to elucidate the accusatory conditions underlying the formation of a particular situation. A literary work within the genre of narrative non-fiction may thereby be understood as a creative treatment of actua lity (Carroll 154).The aforementioned notion works on the assumption that literature may be able to shape reality creatively through the introduction of an artistic dimension within a literary piece. Such a dimension however, which necessitates the introduction of an aesthetic aspect within the text edition contradicts the foundations of works of non-fiction which involves the maintenance of objectivity within the text. Objectivity in this sense is assessed through the authors general appraisal of the events presented within the text.In that sense, objectivity takes the epistemological form of objectivity wherein it understood as objectivity in judgment. Such a form of objectivity is maintained within works of non-fiction since such works are understood as the authors account of an event. To understand a work as an account enables the application of fluidity upon the work since it is presented as open to interpretation as well knowledge and truth coercion. Such a process of truth c oercion may be seen in Krakauers narrative of McCandless journey into the wild.Into the Wild begins with a narrative exposition wherein the reader is introduced to the major characters of the story along with the necessary background information undeniable to contextualize the discovery of McCandless corpse. The beginning of Krakauers Into the Wild thereby is highly similar to the expository beginning of a novel. Such a beginning enables the skillful instrumentation of a preconceived conception of McCandless story. It enables the conception of McCandless as an individual who ventured for the discovery of his self through the discovery of a presumed unknown territory.Krakauers work thereby functions as a vehicle for the readers discovery of McCandless journey towards himself. Such a journey was enabled by the collage of various materials that enabled the factual retelling of McCandless life up to the point of his demise. The process of contextualization mentioned above was made poss ible by using materials from interviews as well as McCandless journal along with photographs, letters, and other inessential research materials that enabled the explication of the conditions as to McCandless adventures.The use of these varied materials enabled the book to be a moving literary piece formulated through the combination of journalistic, historical, nature and trip writing, as well as memoir writing. It should be noted that these materials as well as the formation of the collage of the aforementioned materials were constructed by the author. Into the Wild thereby presents us with Krakauers account of the events. As I reckon, it is the construction of the narrative as well as Krakauers presentation of the account, which serves as his take into the events that governed McCandless existence. other individuals perceived McCandless act as an act of folly however, Kraukaeur presented it in such a manner that it focused on the adventure and drama, which he perceives as intrin sic to the act of finding or discovering ones self. Within the book, he represented McCandless as an extraordinary individual whose existence was governed by courage and skill evident in his demonstration of McCandless desire to survive within an unchartered territory.Kraukauers analysis of the risks examined as well as the narrative structure of text presented Krakauers judgments as to the life that McCandless led.Works CitedCarroll, Noel. Fiction, Non-Fiction, and the Film of Presumptive Assertion A Conceptual Analysis. Philosophy of Film and Motion prove An Anthology. Eds. Noel Carroll and Jinhee Choi. Oxford Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Krakauer, Jon. Into the Wild. New York Villard, 1996.

Government Provided Health Care Essay

For many years, health mete out cost has risen and challenged many businesses, households, and the g all overnment. With the health care cost constantly rising, more and more people become uninsured. There are many approaches to improve the health care corpse including Government-provided health care, hush-hush insurer health care, and a mix of both. Although, all the different ways have their perks, government provided stands out. Government provided health care is the best approach because either American citizen will have health insurance, it would simplify the system, all workers will have health care benefits, and it will contain and dispirit costs more than any other approach.Having every American citizen being provided with health insurance, and eliminating private insurers, will definitely simplify the system. All that would need to be done to starting time start government provided health care is to create a single payer system, replace current insurance premiums, low er prices on drugs, and create a universal set of insurance forms to cover everyone. Every American deserves to have access to high quality and affordable health care, no matter what their income situation, consumption situation, or medical conditions.With the government provided system, all workers will have health care benefits, and lower costs on health insurance. useers will have greater freedom and better choices if they dont have to worry about picking a job solely for the health care benefits. Over the years, in that respect has been lots of evidence that shows the single payer system is the best approach to achieving basic health care goals. First, two government offices, the Congressional Budget mail service (CBO), and General Accounting Office Greear 2(GAO) reached a conclusion that only the single payer plan was likely to save the most money. Second, Medicare claims that the single payer system forthe elderly has lower administrative and overall costs than any other a pproach thus far. Third, Canada has a single payer system, which has much lower administrative costs than the U.S. System. Health care administration costs in the U.S. In 1999 was over 200 billion, to whereas Canadas was only 159 billion. The single payer system works so well in Canada, its only logical to try the system here.Finally, the government provided, single payer system could achieve cost containment victor more readily than any other system with three basic principals. First, this system may make it possible to reduce the administrative costs in the U.S. Second, the single payer system may be able to vigorously attack the market condition, where there is only one buyer, and gain bargaining powers over other providers. Finally, the single payer system could control the overall level of health care resources.All in all, the single payer system is slight costly than any other approach and spends a slightly smaller amount of the gross domestic product (GDP) on health, accord ing to Sherry Glied from Columbia University. The differences in system performance among the different coverages are small, but government provided, single payer system has the most distinct difference as far as cost containment and savings. At some point, everyone will need access to health care or treatment, with government provided insurance, that will be taken care of.Work CitedDeGrazia, D. Single Payer Meets Managed Competition. Hastings Center Report 38.1 (2008) 23-33. CINAHL. Web. 22 May 2013.Glied, S. Single Payer As A Financing Mechanism. Journal Of Health Politics, polity & Law 34.4 (2009) 593-615. CINAHL. Web. 22 May 2013.Publicagenda.org-Health Care. Citizens Solutions Guides 2012. Web. 22 May2013.

Humans and machines Essay

The interesting feature about discussing the interactions of humans and machines is the inadequacy of address describing these interactions or the ambiguity of the connections between humans and machines. What is really at the center of the debate is how society should view the place of machines or non-human elements within human society.In addition, the application of the technological use of non-human elements in the modern machinery of state of war exposes the problem of how humans have changed the practice of warfare starting in WWI and how it made war evolve from a human experience to an inhuman experience instead of a non-human experience. The scope of this paper is to analyze the relationships of humans and machines in general as well as in the context of war. Discussion What does it mean to be human? What does it mean to be non-human?According to Casper, the human individualism is non a natural state of being, rather it is a constructed identity in relation to the context that society gives it. (Casper, 1994) In fact, the recognition of human societal identity and the positions or functions attached to it are based on our interpretation of where these elements should be placed, for example, in order to understand or define something, we place it in psychogenic boxes that simplify our recognition of identity and function within society. However, Casper argues that we cannot fully justify why we assign human identities to non-human elements or vice-versa.(Casper, 1994) In order to illustrate the privation of consistency as to what we call human or non-human, she uses the example of the fetus that is considered alive for surgery, a potential human with human qualities but also a non-human agent for medical research utilise fetal tissue (p. 843). Casper mentions The Actor Network Agency (ANT) movement who finds that we should do away with natural/technical and social/cultural testing groundels, which confuses our notions of what is human and what i s not. However, this analytical symmetry treatment forgets to explain how we interpret the identities of agents and assign labels.Understanding how and why we label humans and non-humans may help soak the confusion over agent identities that b early(a) sociologists and society so much since they cannot seem to make sense of it, for example, some people talk to their car interchangeable it was a person but a car is not a person but why do some people have the compulsion to anthropomorphize their car whereas they would call their dog it? Some people would insist that animals are living beings therefore that they deserve to be referred to as he or she.(Casper, 1994) Another example in our technological society is the factory worker who gets laid off and replaced by a robot. The worker knows that he or she is break in than a robot. Yet, the robot does his or her job consistently, faster, and without breaks. So, is the worker a sophisticated robot or is the robot a sophisticated work er? Bruno Latour would agree on that ambiguity because of our inadequate handling of situations in which non-human entities are mixed with human agents, especially from the perspective of sociologists.(Latour, 1988) Latour deals with this debate skillfully using an exemplar to make his points the accession in a wall, opening and closing thanks to hinges (non-human element) and a human door keeper who has been assigned to close the door each time it is opened. He argues that the hinge always does its work, precise and consistent plot of ground at some time, the human doorkeeper may falter. So, the door keeper could be replaced by a non-human element the door keeper number 2 to prevent the faltering.The fact that we call the non-human element the door keeper even though it is not human, shows that we do not have ascribed what Latour calls a coherent vocabulary to distinguish humans from non-humans. Thus, his conclusion (p. 310) is that the reason why we have not done that is becaus e the deputation of competences and our social interactions imply the participation of non-humans. The confusion is that non-humans exist within a context of figurative/non-figurative speech, not a human/non-human context.In essence, that is why we anthropomorphize our car. (Latour, 1988) Consequently, it seems that our lives are intimately intertwined with the use of technology, machines, and other tools, including robots as well as computers that all are non-human agents indispensable to our way of life. In fact, one particular illustration of such a reasonable conclusion can be found with computer hackers who, for the most part, are not considered part of normal functioning society. Sherry Turckle investigated MIT A. I. lab students who also are considered hackers.The main recurring idea among these students (almost exclusively male) is the fear of social interactions with other people due to a lose of trust or understanding of social interactions. Hackers are known to be lon ers and self-admittedly feel in control of their computer and its actions. In fact, on p. 212, this one student states computers have hold up an extension of my mind. (Turckle, ) Their self-esteem, their existence become defined only through their medium, resulting in a gradual elimination of life experiences that paralyze them, adding to their needs to mask their in the flesh(predicate) fears of the world that exists beyond their machine.(p. 208) In contrast, there are people who even today cannot use a computer because they are afraid of revealing to others their lack of computer knowledge that has become essential in our modern society. Some may get help to improve their computer skills whereas others become so untamed with the machine, taking their anger, originating from their own lack of confidence in learning new-sprung(prenominal) things, onto this stupid machine some may even become technophobic. Unfortunately for our society, experience and technology have been used for warfare. Historically, wars always needed improvement in their methods of killing.As a consequence, the development of technology became a part of warfare while its propaganda glorified science and technology as the agents of victory. (Virillio, 1988) (Delanda, ) This became especially true as scientific knowledge evolved in physics, engineering, and chemistry. When WWI broke out in 1914, the weapons available so were the first of their kinds, the most inhuman of their kinds, killing many soldiers remotely either gassing soldiers with the deadly gas phosgene or using machine guns or canons with an broaden range to kill as many opposite soldiers as possible.(Visvanathan, ) In WWII, planes, tanks, and ships became more than and more sophisticated with technological advances like radar and sonar. The advent of using nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki horrified the scientists who naively believed that their work would be used to deter, not to destroy. (Kaempffert, 1941) F at Man and Little Boy were dropped on these two Japanese cities ironically, these two deadly bombs were named as if they were human themselves.To the Japanese, the nuclear catastrophe and its aftermath on the population promoted the creation of the character Godzilla, a pre-historic mutant monster. With the Cold War, more weapons gradually became stealth weapons instead of front weapons. Nowadays, machines have turned into non-human extensions of their makers or rather their military masters, for example, long-range surveying equipment on satellites allowing spying activities on conterminous nations.Yet, is it appropriate to say non-human when modern weapons like continental missiles can kill so horribly and from the comfort of a military base on the other side of the world? The military is relying on technology more than ever by using computers, artificial intelligence research, simulation modules that mimic a line of business or even war video games whose graphics have been rend ered so life-like that video gamers who are soldiers may not know reality from fiction, killing enemy soldiers without any care, as if they were video game characters, non-human or human?In conclusion, the relationship between human and non-human agents is complex but not impossible to qualify if the realization is made that non-human agents are part of our environment and society. In fact, they occupy a greater place today than 10 years ago (computer technology, for example). The primal to their seamless integration in our society is the figure/non-figurative reference style proposed by Latour as it is already used unconsciously by many of us.References Casper, M. (1994).Reframing and institution non-human agency what makes a fetus an agent? The American Behavioral Scientist, 37(6) 839-856. Delanda, Latour, B. (1988). Mixing humans and non-humans together the sociology of a door-closer. Social Problems, 35(3) 298-310. Kaempffert, W. (1941). War and Technology. The American Journ al of Sociology, 46(4) 431-444. Turckle, S. (n. d. ) The new computer cultures the mechanization of the mind. Book? , publisher, year? Virillio, P. (1988). War and Cinema. Visvanathan.